Projects
- Autoinjector mechanics (Sponsor: Amgen)
Spring-actuated autoinjectors delivering viscous drug solutions resulting from large drug concentrations require large spring forces which can create high peak pressures and stresses within syringes. The high peak pressures and stresses can lead to device failure. Measurements with a suite of novel instrumentation and analysis using numerical simulation explain the peak pressures and peak stresses as originating from mechanical impacts between moving components, the large acceleration of the components, and surprisingly, the production of tension waves in the liquid resulting in cavitation.
Jean-Christophe Veilleux and Joseph E. Shepherd. Pressure and stress transients in autoinjector devices. Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 8:1238-1253, 2018.
Jean-Christophe Veilleux, Kazuki Maeda, Tim Colonius, Joseph E. Shepherd. Transient Cavitation in Pre-Filled Syringes During Autoinjector Actuation. 10th International Symposium on Cavitation (CAV2018). Baltimore, MD, May 14-16, 2018.
Jean-Christophe Veilleux and Joseph E. Shepherd. Impulsive Motion in a Cylindrical Fluid-Filled
Tube Terminated by a Converging Section. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, April 2019, 021301- 1, 021302-11. DOI: 10.1115/1.4042799
- Ignition and flame propagation (Sponsor: Boeing)
A critical issue for transportation and industrial systems is the prevention and mitigation of fire and explosion events under a range of normal operating conditions as well as possible equipment failures. To support industry efforts in the design and certification of engineering systems, we carry out laboratory experiments on ignition and flame propagation. The goals of these experiments and companion numerical simulations are to develop a scientific understanding that is the basis of a first-principles predictive capability for evaluating and mitigating explosion hazards.
Thermal ignition by hot moving spheres
Temperature fields and ignition thresholds for flammable mixtures were experimentally and numerically determined using a moving hot spheres 2-6 mm in diameter. Interferometry was used to obtain spatially and temporally resolved temperature fields before and during ignition. Numerical simulations of the transient development of the 2-D axisymmetric motion and ignition were performed using the reactive Navier-Stokes equations and detailed models of the chemical reaction mechanisms for hexane and hydrogen fuels. At the ignition threshold, the critical location for ignition kernel development was at the flow separation point. Fuel decomposition within the the boundary layer is found to be an important process for hydrocarbon fuels.
S. Jones, J. Melguizo-Gavilanes, and J. E. Shepherd.
Ignition by moving hot spheres in H2-O2-N2 environments.
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, in press, 37, 2018.
S. Coronel, J. Melguizo-Gavilanes, R. Mével, and J. E Shepherd.
Experimental and numerical study on moving hot particle ignition.
Combustion and Flame, 192:495-506, 2018.
S. Coronel, J. Melguizo-Gavilanes, S. Jones and J. E Shepherd.
Temperature field measurements of thermal boundary layer and wake of moving hot spheres using interferometry. Experimental Fluid and Thermal Science, 90:76-83, 2018.
J. Melguizo-Gavilanes, S. Coronel, R. Mével, and J. E. Shepherd. Dynamics of ignition of stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixtures by moving heated particles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(11):7380-7392, 2017.
J. Melguizo-Gavilanes, R. Mével, S. Coronel, and J. E. Shepherd.
Effects of differential diffusion on hot surface ignition of stoichiometric hydrogen-air.
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 36(1):1155-1163, 2017.
R. Mével, U. Niedzielska, J. Melguizo-Gavilanes, S. Coronel, and J. E. Shepherd.
Chemical kinetics of n-hexane-air atmospheres in the boundary layer of a moving hot sphere.
Combustion Science and Technology, 188(11-12):2267-2283, 2016.
Thermal ignition from hot cylinders
Ignition of hydrogen-air, ethylene-air and n-hexane-air mixtures from horizontally and vertically oriented heated circular cylinders were studied experimentally over a wide range of mixture compositions. The threshold ignition temperature is relatively insensitive to the composition away from the flammability limits. For vertically-oriented cylinders, a unique periodic puffing combustion mode is observed near the flammability limits with a limiting state of a single puff.
Lorenz Boeck, Josue Melguizo-Gavilanes, and Joseph E. Shepherd. Hot surface ignition dynamics in hydrogen-air mixtures near the flammability limits.
Paper No. 1100, 26th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Boston, MA, 30 July – 4 August 2017, 2017.
Lorenz Boeck, Maxime Meijers, Andreas Kink, Remy Mével, and Joseph E Shepherd. Ignition of fuel-air mixtures from a hot circular cylinder. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 185, November 2017, 265-277.
J. Melguizo-Gavilanes, L.R. Boeck, R. Mével and J.E. Shepherd. Hot surface ignition of stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixtures. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(11), 7393-7403, 2017.
A. Nové-Josserand, Y. Kishita, J. Melguizo-Gavilanes, S. Coronel, L. Boeck, R. Mével, and J. E. Shepherd. Ignition of hydrogen-air mixtures by a concentrated stationary hot surface. International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosion (ISHPMIE), July 24-29 2016, Dalian, China, 2016.
P. A. Boettcher, S. K. Menon, B.L. Ventura, G. Blanquart, and J. E. Shepherd. Cyclic Flame Propagation in Premixed Combustion. J. Fluid Mechanics, Volume 735, November 2013, pp 176 - 202.
Thermal ignition near the Autoignition Limit
The oxidation of hexane-air mixtures in heated vessels was examined for a range of heating rates. A transition between slow (non-explosive) and fast (explosive) oxidation was discovered experimentally and explained using analytical and numerical simulations of the reaction process. Measurements of species during slow, low-temperature oxidation reveal a multi-stage oxidation process with the initial rapid production of CO2, CO and carbonyls, identified as hydroperoxy-ketones; followed by a period of slower production of CO2 and H2O and consumption of hydroperoxy-ketones.
J. Melguizo-Gavilanes, P.A. Boettcher, R. Mével, and J.E. Shepherd. Numerical study of the transition between slow reaction and ignition in a cylindrical vessel. Combustion and Flame, 204:116-136, 2019
R. Mével, F. Rostand, D. Lemarié, L. Breyton and J.E. Shepherd. Oxidation of n-Hexane in the Vicinity of the Auto-Ignition Temperature. Fuel 236, 373-381, 2019.
R. Mével, K. Chatelain, P.A. Boettcher, G. Dayma, and J. E. Shepherd.
Low temperature oxidation of n-hexane in a flow reactor.
Fuel, 126:282-293, 2014.
P. A. Boettcher, R. Mével, V. Thomas and J. E. Shepherd. The effect of heating rates on low temperature hexane air combustion. Fuel 96:392-403 2012.
Spark ignition
Experimental and numerical studies were performed to examine ignition of jet fuel, surrogates, and certification test mixtures by electrostatic discharge. Capacitive discharge systems were developed to produce very low-energy (50 microJoule to 1 milliJoule) sparks for a range of spark lengths. A well defined threshold (Minimum Ignition Energy) energy value does not exist, but ignition is statistical in nature and highly dependent on mixture composition and spark length. Experimental results are analyzed to obtain a probability distribution for ignition versus the spark energy per unit spark length. Mixtures previously used in FAA certification tests are examined in comparison to kerosene air and significant issues with mixture specification are identified.
S.P.M. Bane, J.L. Zeigler, and J.E. Shepherd.
Investigation of the effect of electrode geometry on spark ignition.
Combust. Flame, 162:462-469, 2015.
S. P. M. Bane, R. Ziegler, S. Coronel, and J. E. Shepherd. Experimental investigation of spark ignition energy in kerosene, hexane, and hydrogen. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages 290-294 (March 2013)
S.P.M. Bane, J.E. Shepherd, E. Kwon and A. C. Day. Statistical Analysis of Electrostatic Spark Ignition of Lean H2/O2/Ar Mixtures. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36:2344-2350, 2011.
S. P. M. Bane, S. A. Coronel, P. A. Boettcher, and J.E. Shepherd.
Statistical analysis of spark ignition of kerosene-air mixtures.
2011 Fall Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Riverside, CA October 17-18, Paper 0271C-0201, 2011.
S.P. M. Bane and J.E. Shepherd. Statistical analysis of electrostatic spark ignition.
2009 Fall Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA October 26 & 27, Paper 09F-64, 2009
- Detonation
S. Gallier and F. Le Palud and F. Pintgen and R. Mével and J.E. Shepherd. Detonation Wave Diffraction in H2-O2-Ar Mixtures. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2781-2789, 2017.
S. I. Jackson, B. J. Lee and J. E. Shepherd. Detonation Mode and Frequency Analysis Under High Loss Conditions for Stoichiometric Propane-Oxygen. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 167, 24-38, 2016.
G. Bechon, R. Mével, D. Davidenko and J.E. Shepherd. Modeling of Rayleigh scattering imaging of detonation waves: Quantum computation of Rayleigh cross-sections and real diagnostic effects. Combustion and Flame 162(5):2191-2199, 2015.
R. Mével, D. Davidenko, J. M. Austin, F. Pintgen and J. E. Shepherd. Application of a laser induced fluorescence model to the numerical simulation of detonation waves in hydrogen-oxygen-diluent mixtures. International J of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 30, 6044-6060, 2014.
J. E. Shepherd. Detonation in Gases. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 32, 83-98, 2009.
- Shock Waves and Chemical Kinetics
R. Mével, K. Chatelain, G. Blanquart, and J. E Shepherd.
An updated reaction model for the high-temperature pyrolysis and oxidation of acetaldehyde.
Fuel, 217:226-229, 2018.
R. Mével and J.E. Shepherd. Ignition delay-time behind reflected shock waves of small hydrocarbons-nitrous oxide(-oxygen) mixtures. Shock Waves 25(3):217-229, 2015.
K. Chatelain, R. Mével, S. Menon, G. Blanquart, and J. E. Shepherd. Ignition and chemical kinetics of acrolein-oxygen mixtures behind reflected shock waves.
Fuel, 135:498-508, 2014.
R. Mével, S. Pichon, L. Catoire, N. Chaumeix, C.-E. Paillard, and J.E. Shepherd. Dynamics of excited hydroxyl radicals in hydrogen-based mixtures behind reflected shock waves. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34:677-684, 2012.
- Detonation-Structure Interaction
Damazo, J. and J.E. Shepherd. Observations on the normal reflection of gaseous detonations. Shock Waves, Vol. 27, September 2017, 795-810.
J. Karnesky, J. S. Damazo, K. Chow-Yee, A. Rusinek, and J. E. Shepherd.
Plastic deformation due to reflected detonation.
International Journal of Solids and Structures, 50(1):97-110, 2013.
J. E. Shepherd. Structural response of piping to internal gas detonation.
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 131(3):031204, 2009.
T.-W. Chao and J. E. Shepherd. Fracture response of externally flawed aluminum cylindrical shells under internal gaseous detonation loading. International Journal of Fracture, 134(1):59-90, July 2005.
W.M. Beltman and J.E. Shepherd. Linear elastic response of tubes to internal detonation loading. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 252(4):617-655, 2002.
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